Internet & Civil Society

UNDP Chapter 4: Unleashing Human Creativity: National Strategies. http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~chan/istb01/readings/UNDP_report2001_ch4.pdf
:The funds of investment for technology could also be invested in Korea’s first venture capital fund, the Korea Technology Development Corporation, or in collaborative R&D efforts with public research institutes. The government has given tax credits, allowed accelerated depreciation for investments in R&D facilities and cut taxes and import duties on research equipment. It has also used other tax incentives to promote technology imports. Though South Korea’s strategy for promoting technology has created large conglomerates, South Korea is one of the most dramatic examples of rapid technological transformation

Lee, Hyeon Woo. Chonghbohwa sidae ui midio wa munhwa: Study on Social Communication of Internet Users. Hanguk Sahoe Hakhoe (1998): 470~486
: Alternative news media using the Internet plays a role of monitoring and reporting freely whether public officials and assemblymen represent the public's interest and responsibilities for Koreans.

Lee, H., O' Keefe, R.M., and Yun, K. The growth of broadband and electronic commerce in South Korea; Contributing factor. The Information Society 19.1 (2003): 81-93
: South Korea is noted for its rapid economic development over recent decades, joinging the OECD in 1996. The OECD noted that information of internet users in South Korea according to Korea Network Information Center (KRNIC).

Root, Hilton L. What Democracy Can Do For East Asia” Journal of Democracy 13.1 (2002) 113-126

Katz, Ellis. Responses to Change by State and Local Government: Contemporary Experiments in the Laboratories of Democracy. Issues of Democracy 8.2 (2003): 6-12

Steidel, Sharon Couch. Using E-Government: Effects of the Digital Revolution. Issues of Democracy 8.2 (2003): 13-18

Plusquellic, Donald L. Public Safety in an Unsafe World. Issues of Democracy 8.2 (2003): 19-21

Gree, Eric. Inter-jurisdictional Cooperation: A Case Study on Cyber Crime. Issues of Democracy 8.2 (2003): 27-31

Oliveira, Miguel Darcy de and Rajesh Tandon. The Emergence of Global Civil Society. Issues of Democracy 1.8 (1996): 18-21
: Civil movement sources from the spiritual, religious, moral or political inspiration but the common thread in this ever-changing quilt is to be found in the realm of values: solidarity and compassion for the fate and well-being of others, including unknown distant others; a sense of personal responsibility and reliance on one’s own initiative to do the right thing; the impulse toward altruistic giving and sharing; the refusal of inequality, violence, and oppression.

Slim, Randa. Need for citizen activism greater now than ever. Issues of Democracy 1.8 (1996): 22-24

Shanker, Albert. The Importance of Civic Education. Issues of Democracy 1.8 (1996): 25-26

IT, public service and other relevent topics

Title: Democracy and new media
Editor: Henry Jenkins, David Thorburn and Brad Seawell
Publisher: Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c2003
Call #: NBIT JC423 D383

The relationship of digital revolution, informed citizen, and the culture of democracy

Title: South Korea Third Generation Mobile Devices
Source: Third Generation Mobile Devices Industry Profile: South Korea; 2002, pN.PAG, 0p
Editor: Datamonitor
Call #: AN11513933

The presentation of a profile of the third generation mobile devices industry in Soiuth Korea, a business information company specializing in industry analysis

Title: Chonja Minjujueui' wa Cyber Communication
Subject: I. Information Society and Political Process
Author: Yu, Seong Jin
Publisher: Cyber Communication Hakhwe, Vol. 2002, No.0
pp. 13-34

Title: Chonja Minjujueui' wa Cyber Communication
Subject: II. Formation of Cyber Communication for Consensus of Current Issues
Author: Kim, Seon Myeong and No, Il Sun
Publisher: Cyber Communication Hakhwe, Vol. 2002, No.0
Page: 34-55

Title: Chonja Minjujueui' wa Cyber Communication
Subject: III. Round Table: President Election and the Role of Cyber Communication (Case study: Nohsamo Activity)
Author: Kim, Jin Hyang
Publisher: Cyber Communication Hakhwe, Vol. 2002, No.0
pp. 66-74

Information Society and Representative or Direct Democracy

Chon, S. H. and Chang, H. Information Democracy. Seoul: Nanam, 1997: pp. 181~205
: Information society brings the changes of political values and the way of participation. This widens citizens' participation and regulates the process of sharing the values more democratically so that makes representative democracy in easier way.

Choi, Y. J., Lee, C, & Lee, J. H. Influence of poll results on the advocates' political discourxe: An application of functional analysis debates to online message in the 2002 Korean presidential election. Asian Journal of Communication 14.1 (2004): 95-110
: "In the 2002 presidential election, the Korean people witnesses a major change in their political systerm; the Internet has changed the concepts of politics and political parties in Korea by empowering greater numbers of people to be actively involved. The most important character in the new political scene is 'Rhosamo' (people who love Roh Moo-hyun, a presidential candidate in the 2002 rate). 'Rhosamo' started as an online fan club with some 300 members after Roh Moo-hyun failed to win a senate seat in the April 2000 general election. Men and women ini their 30s and 40s met on the Internet to help him pursue his goals of promoting political and social reform."

Englebrecht, H. From newly industrializing to newly informatizing country: The primary infomation sector of the republic of Korea. Information Economics and Policy 2.3 (1986): 169-194

Han, D. The middle classes, ideological intention and resurrection of a progressive newspaper: A South Korean Case. Gazette: International Journal for Communication Studies 62.1 (2000): 61-74

Kim, H. S. Media, the public ,and freedom of the press. Social Indicators Research 62.1-63.3 (2003):345-364
p.9-10: "The authoritarian governments used carrot and stick strategies with the Korean news media; the ruling elite promised various favors ranging from massive tax-breaks and business opoortunities to cooperative news media owners. The ruling elite promised various favors ranging from massive tax-breaks and business opportunities to cooperative news media owners. From the first republic of Rhee to the military regimes of Park and Chun, the Korean press has suffered from a lack of freedom, and ethical crises that eroded public trust until recent years. Under Park's dictatorship, all journalistic activities, including news products, were placed either under the close scrutiny of government censor or voluntary self-censors with the new organizations. a few journalists who challenged the system, were either fired or prosecuted."

Kim, Y. The broadcasting audience movement in Korea. Media Culture and Society 23.1 (2001): 91-107
p.98-101: "Behind the revival of the coexistent system was the government's realization that it can no longer directly control broadcasting. From 1988, threatened by the establishment of broadcasters' unions, the government decided to create a commercial broadcaster" We need to understand media with the political context. The movement originally aimed to correct biased news reports from the public service broadcaster. "And it had dealt a serious blow to the KBS."

Kwak, N. The roles of the media and mediated opinion leadership in the public opinion process. Gazette 61.2 (1999): 175-191

Langdale, J. V. International competitiveness in east asia: Broadband telecommunications and interactive multimedia. Telecommunications Policy 21.3 (1997): 235-249

Lee, J. Press freedom and democratization: South Korea's experience and some lessons. Gazette 59.2 (1997): 135-149: The great number of reporters and editors lost their jobs based on the charges of unethical conduct and the lack of journalistic abilities; the government restructured the entire media industry. In the case of the broadcast media, this tendency becomes more prominent. One is the presence of direct external government influences, and the other is the same internal personnel mechanisms. Both presidents of what are called public broadcasting networks are still appointed by the president.

Shin, J. H. & Cameron, G. T. The potential of online media: A coorientational analysis of conflict between PR professionals and journalists in South Korea. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80.3 (2003): 583-602

Choi, Y. C. Internet newspapers as alternative media: OhMyNews in South Korea. Media Development 51.1 (2004): 28-31: OhMyNews has vocal with criticism of various political issues. Most distinguished thing is news reported by citizen reporters. That induces huge readers with more participation and it contributes for the news to transforms from news as lecture to news as debate.

Ku. G., Kaid, L.L., & Pfau, M. The impact of web site campaigning on traditional news media and public information processing. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80.3 (2003): 528-547: Web site and Internet-based communication provides powerful new links between politicans and voters and created great impact on the information flow of the traditinal news media with online conferencing, audio and video clip.

Tedesco, J. C., Kaid L.L., & McKinnon, L.M. Network adwatches: Policing the 1996 primary and general election presidential ads. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 44.4 (2000): 541-555

Weaver, D. & Drew, D. Voter learning and interest in the 2000 presidential election: Did the media matter? Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78.4 (2001): 787-798

Wheeler, M. High-tech politics: The impact of information communication technologies convergence. The Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 4.4 (1998): 42-58

ICT, Media and Civil Society & Awareness

1. Book - Jenkins, Henry and David Thorburn. Democracy and new media. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.
=> The relationship of digital revolution, informed citizen, and the culture of democracy

2. Corporate Author – Datamonitor. South Korea Third Generation Mobile Devices. New York: Datamonitor, 2002.
=> The presentation of a profile of the third generation mobile devices industry in South Korea, a business information company specializing in industry analysis

3. Journal - Yu, Seong Jin “Information Society and Political Process” Chonja Minjujueui’ wa Cyber Communication 2002.0 (2002): 13-34
=> Informatization affects level of participation to the political process to function easily by decreasing transaction and participation cost of information production, distribution and consumption. Political process means that various social issues come up to the political issues and those issues can be reached to the political decision. It includes not only election or voting but also personal expression.
=> Type of information is varying. There is information which needs compensation such as strategy information created by political party or commercial corporate and information needed no compensation. Information expected some degree of compensation is managed by an authority or a group who has power. The author tells, therefore, what information is distributed in which way is decided by one who has a power. However, we see that individuals or citizen regiments create and distribute an information like “citizen regiments website (http://www.ngokorea.org/)”, “Nohsamo” and “Cyberparty” showed that. Possibility of discussion and deliberation about various political issues increases. Informatization itself doesn’t contribute democracy. It is up to by what kind of power the drive force is managed.

4. Journal - Kim, Seon Myeong and Il Sun No “Formation of Cyber Communication for Consensus of Current Issues” Chonja Minjujueui’ wa Cyber Communication 2002.0 (2002): 34-55
=> * Phase for administrative informitization of the government
1970~1980: 1st and 2nd administrative computerization (featuring the beginning project supported by the government)
1980~1990: 1st and 2nd integration of networks system for national infrastructure (featuring integration of network for administration)
1990~ : project for information & communication technology of administration (featuring embodiment of electronic government)

5. Journal – Solinget, Dorothy J. “Ending One-party Dominance: Korea, Taiwan, Mexico” Journal of Democracy 12.1 (2001): 30-42
=> In 1997 Dae Jung Kim, the leader of the opposition party won the presidency election and he won supporters in his own right. His efforts toward democracy and human right have come to illuminate by winning Nobel Peace Prize in 2000.

6. Journal - Yoon, Young Min "Chonghbohwa sidae ui midio wa munhwa: Formation of Electronic Civil Society" Hanguk Sahoe Hakhoe (1998): 489~506
=> Chongbowha(even development of information technology) campaigne is important for breaking "digital divide".

7. Book - Chong, Su-bok. Simin uisik kwa simin chamy*o: munmy*ong ch*onhwan ul kkum kkunun saeroun simin undong. Seoul: Arche, 2002
pp. 236-244, 285-295
=> ICT can help to build up civic awareness and civic awareness can contribute participation to develop democracy.

Gov't functions according to dev't of ICT

1. Journal - Kim, Jin Hyang “Round Table: President Election and the Role of Cyber Communication (Case Study: Nosamo Activity)” Chonja Minjujueui’ wa Cyber Communication 2002.0 (2002): 66-74

Nosamo is a meaningful fan club in Korea since this is first fan club of political person and it grew very fast. Nosamo activity affects a lot to the national contest for a leadership of the parties. It started in 2000 due to defeat in a presidency election and set up based on through cyber space with first 300 members. Now it has 50,000 members in the club.

2. Journal - Steinberg, David I. “Korea: Triumph Amid Turmoil” Journal of Democracy 9.2 (1998): 76-90

The election is a milestone in Korean political development; it marked the first time in Korean history that a peaceful transfer of power took place between political parties through the electoral process. For Kim’s winning, the media played a role of unprecedented prominence in 1997. Television became a major force.

3. Journal - Michnick, Adam and Jay Rosen “The Media and Democracy: A Dialogue” Journal of Democracy 8.4 (1997): 85-93

Michnik answers; democratic press can at the same time be a free press because democracy is a matter of institutional order. During period of dictatorship, freedom of the press meant for me more or less that I could write what I wanted to write, and nobody would put me in prison for it.

4. Journal - Foley, Michael W. and Bob Edwards “The Paradox of Civil Society” Journal of Democracy 7.3 (1996): 38-52

Michael Walzer said that dense network of civil associations promote the stability and effectiveness of the democratic polity through both the effects of association on citizens’ habits of the heart and the ability of associations to mobilize citizens on behalf of public causes and emergent civil society in Latin America and Eastern Europe are credited with effective resistance to authoritarian regimes, democratizing society from below while pressuring authoritarians for change. Thus civil society, understood as the realm of private voluntary association, from neighborhood committees to interest groups to philanthropic enterprises of all sorts, has come to be seen as an essential ingredient in both democratization and the health of established democracies.

5. Book - Kwon, Tae Hwan and Hyeong Je Cho. Understanding of Information Society. Seoul: Mirae Media, 1997

Gov't functions according to dev't of ICT
1. efficiency of national economy
2. social welfare Distinctive trend: "small government" through liberalization and de-regulation

• "Information Highway"
• "Industrialization" for information and telecommunication industry
• change of gov't org.: "e-government", planning "privatization", "teledemocracy", we can accomplish these planning through solving the problem of "digital divide" and pushing on "democratic regulation"

6. Book – Chong, Ui-myong. Ch*ongbohwa wa Hanguk sahoe: digital kisul palch*on kwaj*ong ui taejungj*ok ihae. Seoul: Nasan Publishing Company, 1998

(pp.331-332) Public information infra-structure is important for Information and knowledge to be spread to all. This opens an opportunity on enlightening the public and also can be used as an educational tool.

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