Curriculum Vitae
Name: William E. Seager
Birth Date: April 11, 1952
Citizenship: Canadian
Telephone: (416) 287-7151
Email: seager@utsc.utoronto.ca
Education and Degrees:
1973 B. A. University of AlbertaThesis:
Materialism and the Foundations of Representation
Supervisor:
R. B. DeSousa Advisor: E. J. Kremer
Scholarships and Awards:
1977-78 Ontario Graduate Scholarship 1978-79 Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Fellowship 1979-80 SSHRC FellowshipTeaching Experience:
1980-81 Assistant Prof. (1/2 time), University of Toronto at Scarborough.Books:
The Leibniz Lexicon: A Dual Concordance to Leibniz’s Philosophische Schriften, Hildesheim: Olms, 1988. (With R. McRae, R. Finster, G. Hunter, M. Miles.)
Metaphysics of Consciousness, London: Routledge, 1991 (262 pp.).
Theories of Consciousness, London: Routledge, 1999 (316 pp.)
Articles:
‘The Discreet Charm of Counterpart Theory’ (with Graeme Hunter), Analysis, June 1981.
‘The Principle of Continuity and the Evaluation of Theories’, Dialogue, pp. 485-95, September 1981.
‘The Anomalousness of the Mental’, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, Volume XIX, Number 3, pp. 389-401, 1981.
‘Reply to Forbes’ (with Graeme Hunter), Analysis, pp. 224-6, October 1982.
‘Probabilistic Semantics, Identity and Belief’, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, pp, 353-64, September 1983.
‘Functionalism, Qualia and Causation’, Mind, April 1983.
‘Leibniz and Counterpart S5’, in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Leibniz Congress, November, 1983.
‘Is Nuclear Deterrence Paradoxical?’, Dialogue, June, 1984.
‘Leibniz and Scientific Realism’, in K. Okruhlik and J. R. Brown (eds.) Leibniz: The Philosophy and Foundations of Science, (pp. 315-31), Reidel, 1985.
‘Scientific Anti-realism and the Philosophy of Mind’, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, pp. 136-51, April, 1986.
‘Dual Logics’ [abstract] (with Achille Varzi), in Recent Developments in Epistemology and Philosophy of Science (Abstracts of the 11th International Wittgenstein Symposium), Kirchberg am Wechsel: Österreichische Ludwig Wittgenstein Gesellschaft, p. 42.
‘Scientific Explanation and the Trial of Galileo’, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, pp. 176-95, April, 1987.
‘Credibility, Confirmation and Explanation’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, pp. 301-17, September, 1987.
‘Realism and the Notion of Extended Observability’, Fylosofska Mysal, Volume 44, #2, 1988 (article appears translated, in Bulgarian).
‘Descartes on the Union of Mind and Body’, History of Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 119-32, April, 1988.
‘Scientific Anti-realism and the Epistemic Community’, in A. Fine and J. Leplin (eds.) Philosophy of Science Association Proceedings 1988, Vol. 1.
‘Peirce’s Teleological Signs’, Semiotica, Vol. 69, No. 3-4, 1988.
‘Weak Supervenience and Materialism’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 697-709, June, 1988.
‘Contingency and Science’, in the Proceedings of the Fifth Leibniz Congress, November, 1988.
‘The Logic of Lost Lingens’, Journal of Philosophical Logic, 19, pp. 407-28, 1990.
‘Instrumentalism in Psychology’, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 4, #2, 1990.
‘Disjunctive Laws and Supervenience’, Analysis, 51, 2, pp. 93-8, March, 1991.
‘The Worm in the Cheese: Leibniz, Consciousness and Matter’, in Studia Leibnitiana, 23(1), pp. 79-91, 1991. (Reprinted in forthcoming volume on Leibniz (ed. Catherine Wilson) of The International Library of Critical Essays in the History of Philosophy.)
‘Externalism and Token Identity’, in Philosophical Quarterly, 42, pp. 439-48, October, 1992.
‘Thought and Syntax’, in PSA 1992 (proceedings of the 1992 Philosophy of Science Association meetings), pp. 481-91, November, 1992.
‘The Elimination of Experience’, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 53, 2, pp. 345-65, June, 1993.
‘Fodor’s Theory of Content: Problems and Objections’, in Philosophy of Science, 60, pp. 262-77, June, 1993.
‘Verificationism, Scepticism and Consciousness’, in Inquiry, 36, pp. 113-33, March, 1993.
‘Dretske on HOT Theories of Consciousness’, in Analysis, v. 54, 4, pp. 270-6, October, 1994.
‘Ground Truth and Virtual Reality: Hacking vs. van Fraassen’, in Philosophy of Science, 62, pp. 459-78, 1995.
‘Consciousness, Information and Panpsychism’, in the Journal of Consciousness Studies, v. 2, 3, pp. 272-88, 1995.
‘A Note on the Quantum Eraser’, in Philosophy of Science, v. 63, 1, pp. 79-88, 1996.
‘Critical Notice: Fred Dretske, Naturalizing the Mind’, in Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 27, 1 (March 1997), pp. 83-110.
‘Conscious Intentionality’, in Consciousness and Intentionality, Denis Fisette (ed.), Kluwer, 1999.
‘Metaphysics, Role in Science’, in A Companion to Philosophy of Science (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy), W. H. Newton-Smith (ed.), 1999, pp. 283-92.
‘Supervenience and Determination’, in A Companion to Philosophy of Science (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy), W. H. Newton-Smith (ed.), 1999, pp. 480-82.
‘Leibniz’, in A Companion to Philosophy of Science (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy), W. H. Newton-Smith (ed.), 1999, pp. 224-28.
‘Physicalism’, in A Companion to Philosophy of Science (Blackwell Companions to Philosophy), W. H. Newton-Smith (ed.), 1999, pp. 340-42.
‘Introspection and the Elementary Acts of Mind’, Dialogue, (Winter 2000) 39, 1, pp. 53-76.
‘Real Patterns and Surface Metaphysics’ in D. Ross, A. Brook, D. Thompson (eds.) Dennett’s Philosophy, MIT Press, 2000, pp. 95-130.
‘The Constructed and the Secret Self’, in Self-Reference and Self-Awareness, edited by A. Brook and R. Devidi, Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 2001, pp. 247-268.
‘Panpsychism’ in The Stanford Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/ entries/panpsychism (first appeared 2001).
‘Dispositions and Consciousness’, in SWIF, a web forum at http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/mind/ forums/forums_f.htm (Spring 2001) (about 5000 words).
‘Consciousness, Value and Fuctionalism’, in Psyche, vol. 7 (web based journal at http://psyche. cs.monash.edu.au/), September 2001 (c. 13000 words).
‘Emergence and Efficacy’, in a volume edited by David Johnson and Christina Erneling (in Press, with Oxford University Press, about 25 ms pages).
‘Emotional Introspection’, forthcoming in Consciousness and Cognition (about 10000 words).
‘Whitehead and the Revival of Panpsychism’ forthcoming in a volume edited by Franz Riffert and Michel Weber (about 5200 words).
‘Tye’s Theory of Consciousness’, forthcoming in a web forum: http://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/ kant/field/tyesymp.htm (about 6000 words).
‘Panpsychism’ to appear in The Macmillan Encyclopaedia of Cognitive Science.
Reviews:
Review of J. Fodor’s The Modularity of Mind, in Canadian Philosophical Reviews, April, 1984.
Review of R. Hardin et.al. (eds.) Nuclear Deterrence: Ethics and Strategy, in Canadian Philosophical Reviews, February, 1987.
Review of David Copp (ed.) Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence and Disarmament, in Canadian Philosophical Reviews, November, 1988.
Review of William S. Robinson Brains and People: An Essay on Mentality and Its Causal Conditions, in Canadian Philosophical Reviews, June, 1990.
Review of Jerry Fodor A Theory of Content and Other Essays, in Canadian Philosophical Reviews, October, 1991.
Review of Colin Mcginn The Problem of Consciousness, in The Journal of Philosophy, June, 1994.
Review of Jaegwon Kim Supervenience and Mind, in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, September, 1996.
Review of G. W. Leibniz New Essays on Human Understanding (edited and translated by Peter Remnant and Jonathan Bennett), in The University of Toronto Quarterly (Letters in Canada), v. 67, 1, winter 1997-98.
Review of Andrew Brook Kant and the Mind, in Dialogue, v. 37, 3, 1998, pp. 353-56.Review of David Griffin Unsnarling the World Knot, Times Literary Supplement, Dec. 3, 1999, pp. 30-1.
Review of Isaac Levi For the Sake of the Argument: Ramsey Test Conditionals, Inductive Inference, and Nonmonotonic Reasoning, in Philosophy in Review, 1999.
Review of Jeremy Butterfield and Constantine Pagonis (eds.) From Physics to Philosophy, in Philosophy in Review, 20, 5, pp. 318-319 (October 2000).
Review of B. Alan Wallace The Taboo of Subjectivity, in Isis, 92, 4, pp. 771-2 (December 2001).
Review of J. Foss Science and the Riddle of Consciousness, in Mind, 111, 442, pp. 406-10 (April 2002).
Delivered Papers:
‘Probabilistic Semantics, Identity and Belief’ read at the May 1981 meeting of the Canadian Philosophical Association.
‘Leibniz and Scientific Realism’ read at the November 1982 conference on the philosophy of Leibniz held at the University of Toronto. ‘Belief and Irrationality’ read to the University of Toronto Philosophy Colloquium, February 23, 1983.‘Scientific Realism: Leibniz and van Fraassen’ read at the June 1983 meeting of the Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science, Vancouver.
‘Credibility, Confirmation and Explanation’ read at the Dalhousie conference on Scientific Realism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, August 1983. ‘Cognitive Science and Our Inner Life’ read to the Cognitive Science Seminar at the McLuhan Centre for Studies in Culture, November, 1983.‘Leibniz and Counterpart S5’ read at the Fourth International Leibniz Congress, Hanover, November, 1983.
‘Computing in the Humanities: Some Personal Remarks’ read at the University of Toronto Symposium: Computers and the Humanities, November, 1983.
‘Causation, Necessity and Efficacy’ read to the Philosophy Colloquium at McGill University, February, 1984. ‘Probabilistic Semantics and Belief’ read to the Philosophy Colloquium at the University of Western Ontario, March, 1984. ‘Credibility, Confirmation, and Explanation’ read to the Philosophy Colloquium at the University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, March, 1984.‘Scientific Explanation and the Trial of Galileo’ read to the Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science, Guelph, June, 1984.
‘Causation, Necessity and Efficacy’ read to the Canadian Philosophical Association, Guelph, June 1984.
‘Is Nuclear Deterrence Paradoxical’ presented to a conference Philosophy and Nuclear Arms held at the University of Waterloo, September, 1984.
‘Situation Semantics’ presented to the McLuhan Centre Cognitive Science Seminar, October, 1984.
‘Scientific Anti-realism and the Philosophy of Mind’ read to the philosophy colloquium at Dalhousie University, February, 1985.‘Comments on J. Bennett’s “Event Causation: The Counterfactual Analysis”’ read at the 1985 meeting of the Canadian Philosophical Association, Montreal, May, 1985.
‘Computer Aspects of the Leibniz Concordance Project’ read at the Leibniz Archiv, Hanover, October, 1985.‘Logic Research and Artificial Intelligence’ (commentary on A. Urquhart’s paper) read to the inaugural meeting of the Ontario Philosophical Association, November, 1985.
‘Scientific Realism and the Mind’ read to the York/University of Toronto conference on the Philosophy of Science, November, 1985.‘The Opposition to Copernicanism: Lessons for the Philosophy of Science’ read to a conference on the Philosophy of science held at the Inter-University Centre of Post Graduate Studies, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, April, 1986.
‘Is There a Mind-Body Problem?’ read to the Scarborough College Department of Psychology Colloquium, November, 1986.‘Quine and the Future of Philosophy’ (commentary on B. Freed’s paper) read to the conference The Future of Philosophy, held at Brock University, May, 1987.
‘Quasi-indexicals and the Case of Lost Lingens’ read to the Dalhousie Philosophy Department Colloquium, August, 1987.‘Scientific Anti-realism and the Epistemic Community’ accepted for presentation to the 1988 meeting of the Philosophy of Science association. (Unable to attend.)
‘Contingency and Science’ read at the Fifth International Leibniz Congress, Hanover, November, 1988.
‘Supervenience, Explanation and Epiphenomena’ read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, March, 1989. ‘Instrumentalism in Psychology’ read to the Inter-University Centre of Postgraduate Studies Philosophy of Science conference in Dubrovnik, April, 1989.‘The Miracle of Folk Psychology’ read at the annual meeting of the Canadian Philosophical Association, Quebec, May, 1989.
‘Consciousness and Causal Efficacy’ read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, July, 1989. ‘Thought and Syntax’ read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, July, 1990. ‘The Elimination of Experience’ read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, August, 1990.‘The Worm in the Cheese’ read to a conference, Leibniz as Innovator and Renovator in Logic and the Sciences, held at Bishop’s University, October, 1990.
‘Psychological Externalism and the Token-Identity Theory’ read to the Ontario Philosophical Society meetings held at Trent University, October, 1990.
‘Fodor’s Theory of Content: Problems and Objections’, read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, August, 1991.‘Knowledge and Perception’, commentary on Romane Clark’s paper presented to a conference The Nature of Perceptual Experience, held at Scarborough College, November, 1991.
‘Ground Truth and Virtual Reality: Hacking vs. van Fraassen’, read to the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, January, 1992. ‘Inexplicability, Reduction and Realism’ read to the Inter-University Centre of Postgraduate Studies Philosophy of Science conference in Dubrovnik, April, 1992. ‘Externalism and Token Identity’, read to the Canadian Philosophical Association meetings, May, 1992. ‘Consciousness, Constitution and Lattice Gases’, read in a symposium at the Canadian Philosophical Association meetings, May, 1992. ‘Verificationism, Scepticism and Consciousness’, read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, June, 1992.‘Thought and Syntax’, read to the Philosophy of Science Association meetings in Chicago, November, 1992.
‘Ground Truth and Virtual Reality: Hacking vs. van Fraassen’, read to the University of Alberta Philosophy Colloquium, February, 1993.‘Consciousness Explained. Not’, read to the Toronto Cognitive Science Society, February, 1993.
‘Two Approaches to Consciousness’, read to the inaugural meeting of the European Society for Analytic Philosophy in Aix-en-Provence, April, 1993.
‘Scientistic vs. New-Age Naturalism’, read to the Ontario Philosophical Society meetings at the University of Waterloo, October, 1993.
‘Ground Truth and Virtual Reality’, read to the Trent University Philosophy Colloquium, November, 1993. ‘Consciousness and Theories of Content: More Tales of Swampman’, read to the University of Toronto Philosophy Department’s Analytic Philosophy Group Colloquium, April, 1994. ‘Conscious Perception’, read in a symposium on Perceptual Experience held at the Canadian Philosophical Association meeting, Calgary, June, 1994.‘Materialism, Apperception and the Unity of Consciousness’, read in a symposium on Andrew Brook’s Kant and the Mind held at the Canadian Philosophical Association meeting, Calgary, June, 1994.
‘Theories, Linguistic Reform and Post-Cartesianism’, comments on Bjorn Ramberg’s paper delivered to the Canadian Philosophical Association meeting, Calgary, June, 1994. ‘Conscious Thoughts’, read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, July, 1994.‘Conscious Intentionality’, read to a conference on Consciousness in Humans and Animals, held at the Centre for Process Studies in Claremont, California, October, 1994.
‘Conscious Intentionality’, read to the University of Western Ontario Philosophy Department Colloquium, November, 1994.‘Conscious Intentionality’, read to a conference Conscience et Intentionalité held at the Université du Québec à Montréal, June, 1995.
‘Could Consciousness be a Social Construct’, invited for the Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness meetings at the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association, Seattle, April, 1996. ‘Introspection and the Elementary Acts of Mind’, read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, May, 1996. ‘Representational Theories of Consciousness’, read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, July, 1996.‘Ryle’s Revenge: Comments on Itiel Dror and Robin Thomas “The Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory: A Framework for the Science of the Mind”’, presented at a conference The Mind as a Scientific Object: an Interdisciplinary Seminar, held at York University, October 1996.
‘The Representational Theory of Consciousness Meets Swampman’, presented at a symposium held in the 1997 meetings of the Canadian Philosophical Association, St. John’s, June 1997.
‘The Reality of Now’, read to the Dalhousie University Philosophy Colloquium, August, 1997.
‘Constitution and Consciousness’, read to CASA (Univ. of Toronto Cognitive Science Students Association), November, 1997.‘The Reality of Now’, presented to the philosophy of science conference held at the inter-university centre, Dubrovnik, April 1998.
‘The Reality of Now’, presented to the philosophy colloquium at the University of Calgary, June 1998.
‘Real Patterns and Surface Metaphysics’, presented at a conference on the work of Daniel Dennett held at Memorial University, Newfoundland, November 1998. ‘Consciousness, Science and Explanation’ presented to the philosophy colloquium of Simon Fraser University, May 1999.‘The philosophies of Mind and Science’ presented to the conference Tokyo 99: Fundamental Approaches to the Science of Consciousness, at the United Nations University in Tokyo, May, 1999.
‘Non-Conceptual Content: A Teacup in a Tempest’ presented to the Canadian Philosophical Association meetings at the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Sherbrooke, June, 1999.
‘Comments on “The Cognitive Significance of Tense”’ presented to the Canadian Philosophical Association meetings at the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Sherbrooke, June, 1999.
Generalized Epiphenomenalism’ presented to the Dalhousie University philosophy colloquium, July, 1999. ‘Comments on “Representation and Quasation”’ presented at the Ontario Philosophical Association meetings, Guelph, October 1999. ‘Generalized Epiphenomenalism’ presented to the Queen’s University Philosophy colloquium, November, 1999. ‘The End of Naturalism’, presented to the Trent University Philosophy colloquium, December, 1999. ‘Efficacy and Emergence’ CPA, Edmonton, May, 2000. ‘Colour and Functionalism’ comments on paper of Neil Campbell, APA meetings, New York, December 2000. ‘Emergence vs. Epiphenomenalism’ York University philosophy colloquium, March 2001. ‘Emergence vs. Epiphenomenalism’ Keynote address at UWO graduate students conference, April, 2001. ‘The Introspection of Belief and Desire’, ASSC 5 (Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness) meetings, Duke University, May, 2001.‘Emotional Introspection’, Towards a Science of Consciousness 2001, Skövde, Sweden, August, 2001.
Participant in Panel Discussion: Quantum Approaches to Consciousness, Towards a Science of Consciousness 2001, Skövde, Sweden, August, 2001.
‘Philosophical Theories of Consciousness’, four hour workshop presentation at Tucson: 2002 – Towards a Science of Consciousness, Tucson, April 2002.
‘Are Zombies Logically Possible? And Why It Matters’, presented to the CPA meeting in Toronto, May 2002.
‘Consciousness and Scientific Revolutions’, presented to the ASSC 6 meetings in Barcelona, June, 2002.
‘Zombies, Physicalism and Some Epistemological Niceties’, presented to the Dalhousie Philosophy department colloquium, August, 2002.
Funded Research Projects:
The Leibniz Concordance Project: a research project headed by Professor R.F. McRae and funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to produce a concordance to the Gerhardt edition of Leibniz’s philosophical writings (completed 1988; see above).
A Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada research grant of 3 years (total value of grant $19,800) to work on a project entitled Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive Science.
A grant from the Center for Consciousness Studies (University of Arizona) to further book project: Radical Approaches to Consciousness. Value: $18,500.
Other Academic Activities:
Edited and prepared for possible publication, with Hans Herzberger and Graeme Hunter, Saul Kripke’s 1975 Princeton lectures: ‘On Truth’ (1983-84). Participant in a round-table discussion of ‘Current Leibniz Research’ at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Toronto, March, 1984. ‘Philosophy and the Nuclear Arms Race’: two lectures presented to the Grade 12 class at University of Toronto School, November, 1984.Organized a conference: New Perspectives on Modern Philosophy, Descartes to Kant, held at the University of Toronto, April, 1985.
Organized a conference: The Relation of Language and Thought in Enlightenment Philosophy, held at the University of Toronto, October, 1985. Note: the papers from this conference have been published in a special issue of Synthese (v. 75, 1988).
Progress report on the Leibniz Concordance Project, given at the Leibniz Forschungstellung, Munster, October, 1985.
Participated in Workshop on Computer Applications to Philosophical Texts, held at the Centre nationale de la recherche scientifique, Paris, October 1985.
Participated in a University of Toronto lecture program on Quantum physics for gifted high school students. My contribution was a lecture on the philosophical issues raised by Quantum Mechanics. May, 1986.Aided in organizing a conference to mark the 350th anniversary of Descartes’ Discourse on Method, held at the University of Toronto, April, 1987.
Lecture to Newtonbrook High School students on ‘Science and Ethics’, April, 1988. Referee for a National Science Foundation (History and Philosophy of Science division) research proposal, April, 1989. Referee for the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada 1994, 1995, 1996. Internal reader for Sonia Sedivy’s application for tenure, 1996. Internal reader for Cheryl Misak’s application for Professor, 1997. Internal reader for Margaret Morrison’s application for Professor, 1998.On Editorial board of International Studies in the Philosophy of Science.
Referee for Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Philosophia, Linguistics and Philosophy, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Synthese, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, Philosophy of Science, Toronto Studies in Philosophy (University of Toronto Press), University of Ottawa Press, University of California Press, Journal of Consciousness Studies.
Grants:
A Social Sciences and Humanities Council research grant to prepare the Leibniz Lexicon (see above, under Funded Research Project). Grant for 1981-84; value $120,000.
A SSHRCC conference grant (see ‘Enlightenment’ conference above, under Other Academic Activities). Grant for 1985; value $4500. A University of Toronto Grants Committee research grant for travel to Europe to meet with scholars and discuss possible extensions of the Leibniz Lexicon project. Grant for 1985; value $750. A Connaught grant from the McLuhan Centre to study (with Alison Gopnik) the acquisition of the ability to self-ascribe mental states. Grant for 1986-87; value $4000. A University of Toronto Grants Committee conference travel grant to attend the Fifth International Leibniz Congress, held in Hanover, November, 1988. Value: $800. A University of Toronto Grants Committee conference travel grant to attend the Inter-University Centre of Postgraduate Studies Philosophy of Science conference in Dubrovnik, April, 1989. Value: $800. A University of Toronto Grants Committee conference travel grant to attend the Inter-University Centre of Postgraduate Studies Philosophy of Science conference in Dubrovnik, April, 1992. Value: $2000. A University of Toronto Grants Committee conference travel grant to attend the inaugural meetings of the European Society for Analytic Philosophy in Aix-en-Provence, April, 1993. Value: $1000.A SSHRC grant to write a book tentatively entitled Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive science. Awarded April 1998 (for a three year period); value: 19,800.
A grant from the Center for Consciousness Studies (University of Arizona) to further book project: Radical Approaches to Consciousness. Awarded April 2000; value: $18,500.Last updated: August 14, 2002