Rome in
the Mediterranean World
Major
Phases in Roman History
The Monarchy (753-509BC)
753 Foundation of Rome (April 21)
509 Expulsion of Kings
Rome in Italy : (i) The Latins (509-338BC)
509 Foundation of the Republic
496 Battle of Lake Regillus
493 Treaty of Spurius Cassius - Rome dominates Latin League
483-474 War with Veii
396 Fall of Veii
390(387) Battle of Allia (July 15) - Gauls sack Rome
378 'Servian' Wall around Rome
340-338 Latin Revolt - Latin League is dissolved
Rome in Italy : (ii) The Samnites (ca 343-280BC)
[343-341 1st Samnite War]
326 Roman alliance with Neapolis, Nuceria & the Apulians
326-304 2nd Samnite War
321 Romans defeated at Caudine Forks
312 Appius Claudius Censor - Via Appia & Aqua Claudia
298-290 3rd
Samnite War
295 Roman victory at Sentinum over Samnites, Gauls and Umbrians
290 Peace with Samnites
283 Boii defeated at Lake Vadimo
Rome in Italy : (iii) Pyrrhus (280-275BC)
280 Romans defeated at Heraclia
279 Battle of Asculum
278-276 Pyrrhus in Sicily
275 Pyrrhus defeated near Malventum, returns to Greece
Alexander and His Sucessors
356 Birth of Alexander
338 Battle of Chaeronea: Macedon defeats Athens, Boeotia etc
326 Assassination of Philip: Alexander becomes
King of Macedon
334(May) Battle of Granicus: Alex. begins conquest of Persia
333(Sept/Oct) Battle of Issus
331(April) Foundation of Alexandria
(Sept/Oct) Battle of Gaugamela
331-324 Alexander conquers Persia, Bactria, NW India
and returns to west
323 Alexander dies at Babylon
ca323-285 Wars of the Successors
306 Antigonus and Demetrius declare themselves kings
305 Ptolemy,Lysimachus & Cassander also declare
themselves kings
301 Battle of Issus: defeat & death of Antigonus
Settlement of 301:Emergence of Hellenistic monarchies
285 Demetrius' last venture fails
Kings of
Macedon,Syria & Egypt
Macedon Syria Egypt
Antigonus I(306-1) Seleucus I Nicator(305-281) Ptolemy I Soter(305-283)
Demetrius I(306-283) Antiochus I Soter(281-61) II Philadelphus(285-46)
Antigonus III Antiochus II Theos(261-47) III Euergetes(246-21)
Gonatas (276-39)
Demetrius II(239-29) Seleucus II Callinicus(247-26)
Antigonus III Doson Seleucus III (226-3) IV Philopator(221-03)
(229-1)
Philip V (221-179) Antiochus III The Great(223-187) V Epiphanes(203-181)
Perseus (179-167) Seleucus IV (187-75) VI Philometor(181-45)
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-63)
Antiochus V (163/2)
Demetrius I (162-160)
Alexander Balas (150-45) VII Euergetes (145-16)
Rome in the Mediterranean
(i) Carthage (264-146BC) (ii) Rome in the East (273-146BC)
273 Roman friendship with Egypt
264-241 1st War with Carthage
241 Peace Romans occupy Sicily
238-225 Romans occupy Corsica 229/8 1st Illyrian War
& Sardinia
226 Ebro treaty
220 Via Flaminia
219 Hannibal storms Saguntum 219 2nd Illyrian War
218-201 2nd
War with Carthage
218 Battles of Ticinus & Trebia
217 Romans defeated at Lake
Trasimene
216 Romans defeated at Cannae
Revolts of allies in Italy 214-205 1st Macedonian War
211 Romans recapture Capua &
Syracuse
210 Scipio (Africanus) lands in Spain
207 Hasdrubal defeated at Metaurus
206 Romans conquer Spain
204 Scipio lands in Africa
203 Hannibal recalled to Carthage
202 Roman victoy at Zama
201 Peace: Carthage becomes a
'client' state 200-196 2nd Macedonian War
197 Spain organized as two provinces 197 Battle of Cynoscephalae
196 Flamininus proclaims the
'liberation’ of Greece
194 Romans withdraw from Greece
192-189 War with Antiochus
191 Antiochus defeated at
Thermopylae, then at sea
189 Antiochus defeated at Magnesia
188 Treaty of Apamea
187 Viae Aemilia & Flaminia
184 Cato Censor
181-179 1st Celtiberian War
181 Revolt in Corsica & Sardinia
177-176
Sardinia pacified 172-167 3rd Macedonian
War
168 Romans defeat Perseus
at Pydna; Delos becomes a free port
167 Macedonia divided into four,Illyria
into three 'client' states
163 Corsica pacified
161 Roman treaty with Jews
154-138 Lusitanian War
153-151 2nd Celtiberian War
149-1463rd War with Carthage 147 Macedonia becomes a province
146 Carthage destroyed 146 Corinth destroyed
Africa becomes a province
143-133 3rd Celtiberian War
133 Fall of Numantia 133 Attalus III bequeathes
Pergamum to Rome
129 Province of Asia established
The Crisis of the Roman Republic (133-31BC)
(i) The Gracchi and their Opponents (133-91BC)
133 Tiberius Gracchus murdered, attacks on his friends and followers
131 Lex tabellaria of Papirius Carbo establishes secret ballot for legislation
125 M Fulvius Flaccus proposes enfranchisement of Latins
123 First tribunate of Gaius Gracchus
122 Second tribunate of C Gracchus
121 C Gracchus murdered; his followers executed by Opimius
120 Trial and acquittal of Opimius
119 Marius tribune; voting reforms
112-106 War with Jugurtha in North Africa
104 Marius, consul II, reorganizes the army
103 Saturninus tribune: Lex de maiestate
100 Saturninus tribune (with Glaucia) murdered
98 Marius leaves Rome for Asia; first confrontation with
King Mithridates
91 M Livius Drusus tribune murdered; outbreak of Italian
Revolt ('Social War')
(ii) The Italian Revolt and the rise of the Military Men (91-60BC)
91 Massacre of Romans at Asculum
90 Further Roman reverses: Lex Julia
89 Victories of Strabo & Sulla
88 Sulpicius Rufus tribune; Sulla marches on Rome, escape of Marius
Mithridates overruns Asia Minor, massacres many Romans and Italians
87 Cinna and Marius dominate Rome
87-83 Sulla defeats Mithridates in Greece
83 Sulla marches on Rome
81-79 Sulla Dictator; Pompey in Africa
78 Death of Sulla
78-77 Aemilius Lepidus challenges Sulla's constitution
77-71 Pompey in Spain
76- Attempts to restore powers to tribunes
74-71 Lucullus fights Mithridates
73 Licinius Macer tribune
70 First consulship of Pompey and Crassus; powers of tribunes restored
69 Lucullus invades Armenia
67 Pompey eliminates pirates from Mediterranean (Lex Gabinia)
66 Pompey receives command against Mithridates (Lex Manilia)
64-62 Pompey in Syria and Judaea;Province of Syria established
(iii) Caesar and Gaul (ca 124-49BC)
NB Earlier conflicts with Gauls in Italy and the Po Valley
(ca 390-130) are not listed here.
124 War against Arverni and Allobroges in Gaul
121 Defeat of Arverni and Allobroges
Via Domitia constructed in southern Gaul
118 Colony established at Narbo Martius
113 Cn Carbo defeated at Noreia by the Cimbri
105 Cimbri and Teutones destroy armies of Caepio and Mallius
at Arausio
103 Marius, consul III, trains army in Gaul
102 Marius, consul IV, defeats Teutones near Aquae Sextiae
101 Marius, consul V, & Catulus defeat Cimbri near Vercellae
100 Birth of Julius Caesar
Colony established at Eporedia in Gallia Cisalpina
63 Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus
61 Caesar governor of Further Spain
Revolt of Allobroges
Aedui appeal to Rome
60 Caesar returns from Spain
59 Caesar, consul I, receives Gaul(s) as his province
Pompey marries Julia
58 Caesar defeats Helvetii and Ariovistus
57 Caesar defeats the Belgae and Nervii
56 Conference at Luca (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus)
Caesar campaigns against Veneti and Morini
55 Second consulship of Pompey and Crassus (the 'First Triumvirate');
Caesar massacres Usipetes & Tencteri, bridges the Rhine and invades Britain
54(Sept) Death of Julia
Caesar's second expedition to Britain
54 Revolt in north east Gaul
53 Crassus defeated and killed by Parthians at Carrhae
Unrest in Gaul, partly pacified by Caesar
52 Pompey sole consul
Revolt of central Gaul under Vercingetorix
Caesar repelled from Gergovia
Siege of Alesia, surrender of Vercingetorix
51 Siege of Uxellodunum
50 Caesar organizes Gaul, crosses Rubicon into Italy,
Civil War begins