import math

# Math (a)
2 * math.pi

# Math (b)
math.floor(56.4)
math.ceil(56.4)

# Math (c)
math.sqrt(math.log(244))

# Math (d)
math.log(256, 2)

# Type str 
f = "superconductivity"
# Type str (a)
for c in f:
    print(c)
    
# Type str (b)
f = "superconductivity"
for c in f:
    print(c)
    
# Type str (c)
for c in f:
    print(c,",", end='')
    
# Type str (d)
print()
for c in f:
    print(c+",", end='')
#
#OR:
#
print()
for c in f:
    print("%s," %c, end='')

# Using str Methods
s = "abcdefgh"
# str Methods (a)
s.endswith('h')

# str Methods (b)
s.isdigit()

# str Methods (c)
s.replace('l','1')

# str Methods (d)
s.zfill(6)

# str Methods (e)
s.islower()

# str Methods (f)
s.strip('0')

# str Functions
def longer(s1, s2):
    return max(len(s1), len(s2))

def earlier(s1, s2):
    return min(s1, s2)

def count_letter(s,c):
    count = 0
    for char in s:
        if char == c:
            count += 1
    return count
    
def remove_digits(s):
    s_no_digits = ""
    for char in s:
        if not char.isdigit():
            s_no_digits += char
    return s_no_digits 

def repeat_character(s, c):
    count = count_letter(s,c)
    return c * count

#
#OR:
#
def repeat_character(s, c):
    result = ''
    for char in s:
        if char == c:
            result = result + c
    return result

def where(s,c):
    count = 0
    for char in s:
        if char == c:
            return count
        count += 1
    return -1